英國和美國的關(guān)系有多好?（下）

Andreas Rankine
What is the "special relationship" between the United States and the United Kingdom?
I always assumed the ‘Special Relationship’ was an incredibly cringeworthy imaginary concept that British newspapers and politicians liked to refer to. My toes curl every time I hear the phrase. I think there probably is a very two-way intelligence-sharing arrangement, plus a military relationship via NATO and an unspoken rule to back each other up in public arenas (although that didn’t happen with Reagan over the Falklands conflict, so who knows). And the US exclusively supply the UK with a missile launch and delivery system for the UK’s nuclear warheads. Economically they are each other’s largest investors, and around a million people work for UK companies in the US, and more than one million people work for US companies in the UK. But I think the only country that could truly be regarded as having a legitimate ‘special relationship’ with the US is Israel.

美國和英國之間的“特殊關(guān)系”是什么回事？
我一直以為“特殊關(guān)系”是英國報紙和政客們喜歡提及的一個令人難以置信的令人尷尬的虛構(gòu)概念。每次聽到這個說法，我都感到不舒服。我認(rèn)為，兩國之間確實存在彼此情報共享機(jī)制，以及通過北約建立的軍事聯(lián)系，還有一個在公共場合互相支持的默契（盡管在福克蘭群島沖突期間，這一點并沒有得到體現(xiàn)，所以具體情況也未可知）。美國還專門向英國提供用于英國核彈頭的導(dǎo)彈發(fā)射和運載系統(tǒng)。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上，它們互為最大的投資方，約有一百萬人在英國的美資公司工作。但我認(rèn)為，唯一真正可以被視為與美國有合法‘特殊關(guān)系’的國家是以色列。

Ernest W. Adams
Do you think that the ‘special relationship’ still exists between the US and Britain?
Yes, because the Special Relationship is about geopolitical policy and intelligence-sharing. Our intelligence agencies still do this. However, it's not strong at present because the British government knows that Trump is in the pocket of the Russians. It's probably very careful about what it shares these days.
The United States Navy and the Royal Navy are partners in a number of important ongoing missions, especially keeping the Straits of Hormuz open. That's part of the Special Relationship too.

你認(rèn)為美國和英國之間仍然存在‘特殊關(guān)系’嗎？
是的，因為特殊關(guān)系涉及地緣政治和情報共享。我們的情報機(jī)構(gòu)仍然在進(jìn)行這些活動。然而，目前這種關(guān)系并不十分牢固，因為英國政府意識到特朗普受到了俄羅斯的影響。如今，英國在共享信息時可能非常謹(jǐn)慎。
美國海軍和英國皇家海軍在許多重要任務(wù)中是合作伙伴，尤其是確保霍爾木茲海峽（在伊朗和阿拉伯半島之間）的暢通，這也是“特殊關(guān)系”的一部分。

on Diplomacy & Warfare ·
How close is the relationship between the US and the UK?
It isn’t. Thank Senile Joe for that. From removing the bust of Churchill from the Oval Office to his ridiculous support of an incompetent German “politician” to head NATO, via his rejection of a UK/US trade deal, he has done his damnest to destroy our relationship.
Fifty years of idiocy in government, and in spite of his English ancestry he loathes the UK. The plastic paddy is a world-wide laughing stock, bringing the USA down with him.
His understanding of international relations, or indeed anything, would disgrace a five year old child (whom increasingly he resembles) . The sooner he is gone the better for the whole world, and the UK’s relationship with the US.

美國和英國之間的關(guān)系有多緊密？
并不緊密。這要感謝喬·拜登，從他移除白宮橢圓形辦公室的丘吉爾半身像，到他荒謬地支持一個無能的德國人擔(dān)任北約領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，再到他拒絕英美貿(mào)易協(xié)議，他竭盡全力破壞了我們的關(guān)系。
盡管他有英國血統(tǒng)，但他討厭英國，在政府里干了五十年的蠢事。這個虛偽的愛爾蘭人已成為全世界的笑柄，拖累了美國。
他對國際關(guān)系的理解，或者說對任何事情的理解，都不如一個五歲小孩，而他越來越像那個五歲小孩。他越早下臺，對整個世界，以及英國與美國的關(guān)系就越有利。

Jools Imrie
How close is the relationship between the US and the UK?
Well it WAS fairly good, but then we got a load of idiot questions on Quora (allegedly from Americans) and things have been going downhill since…

美國和英國的關(guān)系有多密切?
好吧，這是相當(dāng)不錯的，但后來我們在Quora上收到了一大堆愚蠢的問題(據(jù)稱來自美國人)，從那以后，情況就每況愈下

Tanya-Dawn Hughes
How special is the USA and UK’s special relationship?
The US is our most important ally, a great democracy, a great country and right now the most powerful economic and military power in the world. But don’t be misled, the much vaunted ‘Special Relationship’ with the UK is one-sided, always favouring the US and characterised right from day one by their suspicion, duplicity and on more than one occasion outright hostility towards the UK.
I am NOT decrying the valour, courage and sacrifice of thousands of US troops who stood shoulder to shoulder with Britain and its allies in Europe during WWW1 & WW2. But let us not forget that the UK and Commonwealth also sent 2.5 Million troops to the far east and later 100,000 troops to Korea, tens of thousands of whom never came home. And terribly, repeated these adventures more recently in Iraq and Afghanistan.

美國和英國之間的特殊關(guān)系究竟有多特殊？
美國是我們最重要的盟友，是一個偉大的民主國家，是一個強大的國家，目前也是世界上經(jīng)濟(jì)和軍事上最強大的國家。但不要被誤導(dǎo)，與英國的所謂“特殊關(guān)系”實際上是一邊倒的，始終傾向于美國，從一開始就是充滿猜疑、兩面派，并且不止一次地對英國表現(xiàn)出明顯的敵意。
我并不是貶低在一戰(zhàn)和二戰(zhàn)期間與英國及其歐洲盟友并肩作戰(zhàn)的成千上萬美軍士兵的勇敢、勇氣和犧牲精神。但我們也不應(yīng)忘記，英國和英聯(lián)邦也向遠(yuǎn)東派遣了250萬軍隊，后來又向朝鮮派遣了10萬軍隊，其中許多人再也沒有回家。而且，我們最近在伊拉克和阿富汗重復(fù)了這些軍事行動。

It is my conclusion - regrettably - that we simply can’t trust US Politicians. Perhaps that is a legacy of the War of Independence which remains in the US psyche? ( Do you know that the US demanded we hand over Canada because a private British shipyard had the temerity to build a Confederate vessel? ). So when Trump - and many Presidents before him - say ‘America first’, that has often meant the UK last. Perhaps it is the US Military / Industrial complex, which I admit sounds all lefty ( which I’m not ) but I have come to believe that it is real and anyone who has visited Washington will be knocked sideways by the number of full-dress Military brass rubber-necking in grand hotels with sharp suited characters. So the following is not a diatribe against the US, but some unpleasant facts, which I think illustrate where we stand.

遺憾的是，我的結(jié)論是，我們根本不能相信美國政客。也許這是獨立戰(zhàn)爭遺留在美國人心里的問題?（你知道嗎，美國曾因為我們一個私人英國造船廠建造了一艘邦聯(lián)軍艦，就要求我們交出加拿大。）所以當(dāng)特朗普——以及他之前的許多位總統(tǒng)——說“美國優(yōu)先”時，這通常意味著英國排在最后。也許是美國的軍事/工業(yè)復(fù)合體在起作用，我承認(rèn)這聽起來有點左傾（盡管我不是左派），但我開始相信這是真實存在的，任何到過華盛頓的人都會被那些在大酒店里穿著全套軍裝、衣著光鮮的軍人所震驚。因此，以下不是對美國的抨擊，而是一些令人不快的事實，我認(rèn)為這些事實說明了我們的立場。

For example when the UK stood alone against Fascism the British Empire’s entire reserves were transferred secretly to the US via Canada. This was not a question of putting our wealth in safe hands, because if that was the case it could have stayed in Canada. This huge handover of wealth, in gold and securities, was first used to get round Congressional rules forbidding us to buy war material on credit. Some of ultra-secret shipments of gold actually went in the warships which accompanied George VI and Queen Elizabeth on their tour of Canada and the USA a few months before war broke out. Later, increasingly heavy payments, most of which are still in vaults in Fort Knox, were used to persuade an unsentimental US Congress that Britain was so broke that if Congress did not support Lend-Lease (under which the US supplied Allied nations with defence materials), Hitler would win and they would face an untamed Germany across the Atlantic. Some estimate that ￡500,000,000 at 1940 prices went to the US, completely shifting the balance of wealth for ever.

例如，當(dāng)英國獨自對抗法西斯主義時，英帝國的全部儲備通過加拿大秘密轉(zhuǎn)移到了美國。這不是為了把我們的財富放在安全的人手中，如果是那樣的話，它可以留在加拿大。這些以黃金和證券形式的巨大財富轉(zhuǎn)移，最初是用來繞過國會禁止我們賒購戰(zhàn)爭物資的規(guī)定。在戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)前的幾個月，喬治六世和伊麗莎白女王出訪加拿大和美國的時候，一些高度機(jī)密的黃金運輸議程實際上就在軍艦上進(jìn)行。這些沉重的支付款項，許多至今仍儲存在諾克斯堡的金庫中，曾被用來說服冷靜且不感情用事的美國國會：英國當(dāng)時已經(jīng)財政破產(chǎn)，如果國會不支持《租借法案》（該法案允許美國向盟國提供軍事物資），希特勒將會取得勝利，而美國將不得不面對橫跨大西洋的、無法馴服的德國。據(jù)估計，以1940年的貨幣價值計算，大約有5億英鎊的資金轉(zhuǎn)移到了美國，徹底改變了財富的平衡狀態(tài)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

One particularly bitter incident caused Churchill to rage that America was acting like a bailiff seizing goods when Britain was brusquely ordered by Franklin Roosevelt to hand over all the gold we had gathered in South Africa, and an American cruiser was dispatched to collect it.
British businesses in the USA, were sold off at knock-down prices. Lord Beaverbrook, then Minister of Aircraft Production and Churchill’s close friend, wrote to Churchill: ‘The Americans have conceded nothing. They have exacted payment to the uttermost for all they have done for us. They have taken our bases without valuable consideration. They have been given our secrets and offered us a thoroughly inadequate service in return.’

一個特別痛苦的事件使丘吉爾憤怒地宣稱美國的行為就像一個扣押貨物的法警，當(dāng)時富蘭克林·羅斯福粗魯?shù)孛钣怀鑫覀冊谀戏鞘占乃悬S金，并且派出了一艘美國巡洋艦來收集它。
在美國的英國企業(yè)被以極低的價格出售。時任飛機(jī)生產(chǎn)部長、丘吉爾的密友比弗布魯克勛爵寫信給丘吉爾：“美國人沒有讓步。他們?yōu)槲覀兯龅囊磺幸罅藰O致的回報。他們沒有經(jīng)過充分考慮就占領(lǐng)了我們的基地。他們得到了我們的秘密，卻給我們提供了完全不適當(dāng)?shù)姆?wù)作為回報。

This bleak unsentimentality was not accidental or isolated. It continued throughout the war and beyond. The Bretton Woods conference in 1944 made it clear the USA would usurp Britain’s economic dominance once the war was over. Only later did it emerge that the USA’s negotiator, Harry Dexter White, was a Soviet agent who had no interest whatsoever in helping Britain.
This shift extended to deliberately reneging on agreements. During the war the UK 'Hazard Mission' gave the US huge amounts of technical information including our world-leading innovations in Radar, munitions, aircraft and Jet engines, and absolutely vital research on Nuclear Weapons. It was supposed to be a two-way traffic - but it wasn’t. We were ruthlessly shut out of US research. We even abandoned development of advanced aircraft in deference to US pressure to buy theirs.

這種冷酷無情的做法并非偶然或孤立。它在戰(zhàn)爭期間和之后持續(xù)存在。1944年的布雷頓森林會議明確表明，戰(zhàn)后美國將篡奪英國的經(jīng)濟(jì)主導(dǎo)地位。只有后來才顯現(xiàn)出，美國的談判代表哈里·德克斯特·懷特實際上是蘇聯(lián)的代理人，他對幫助英國沒有任何興趣。
這種轉(zhuǎn)變延伸到了故意違背協(xié)議。在戰(zhàn)爭中，英國通過“危險使命”向美國提供了大量的技術(shù)信息，包括我們在雷達(dá)、彈藥、飛機(jī)和噴氣發(fā)動機(jī)方面的世界領(lǐng)先創(chuàng)新，以及絕對關(guān)鍵的核武器研究。這本應(yīng)該是雙向的——但事實并非如此。我們被無情地排除在美國研究之外。迫于美國的壓力，我們甚至放棄了先進(jìn)飛機(jī)的研發(fā)，而從美國那購買。

Which brings us to our national humiliation at Suez. US aircraft openly harassed our forces and Admiral Sir Robin Durnford-Slater complained: ‘We have twice intercepted and have been continually menaced by US aircraft.’ General Sir Charles Keightley, commander of Middle East land forces, wrote afterwards: ‘It was the action of the US which really defeated us in attaining our obxt.’ Washington, in the end, pulled the plug on our Suez adventure by threatening a run on the Pound Sterling.
And so it goes on. It was the US who imposed savage economic sanctions on Iran ( ring any bells? ) which inevitably led to tit for tat nationalising of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company - now BP - in 1953, so the UK lost out again. This was followed by the engineered fall of the democratically elected Mossadegh Government, and the US installation of the Shah Reza Pahvlavi, We know how that worked out

這讓我們回想起在蘇伊士運河事件的國恥。美國飛機(jī)公開騷擾我們的軍隊，海軍上將羅賓·登福德-斯萊特爵士曾抱怨說：“我們的部隊兩次被攔截，不斷受到美國飛機(jī)的威脅?！?中東地面部隊指揮官查爾斯·凱特利將軍事后寫道：“實際上是美國的行為，真正使我們未能達(dá)到我們的目標(biāo)?！?最終，華盛頓威脅要對英鎊進(jìn)行擠兌，從而終止了我們在蘇伊士運河的冒險。
如此類推。是美國對伊朗實施了野蠻的經(jīng)濟(jì)制裁(記得嗎?)這不可避免地導(dǎo)致了1953年英伊石油公司(現(xiàn)在的英國石油公司)的國有化，英國再次遭受損失。此后，美國策劃了民選的摩薩臺政府的倒臺，并扶植了禮薩·巴列維國王，我們都知道那最終的結(jié)果如何。

Five years later, across the border in Iraq, the British sponsored Iraqi Government was overthrown and Abdel Karim Kassem installed, which is not how the CIA planned it. It took them five years to bring about another Government, but once again they picked the wrong collaborators, because it was Saddam Hussein who was now Vice President with the CIA’s blessing, and guess what? He embarked on nationalising the oil industry, much of which was UK owned. So now it was President Nixon and Henry Kissinger who schemed to arm the Kurds and weaken the Iraqi government. Saddam and the Shah quietly came to a mutually beneficial agreement to by-pass the Americans - and all aid to the Kurds was cut. Not for the last time, as we have seen recently.

五年后，在伊拉克，英國支持的伊拉克政府被推翻，阿卜杜勒·卡里姆·卡塞姆上臺，這并非中情局的計劃。中情局花了五年時間促成了另一個政府，但他們再次選錯了合作伙伴，因為當(dāng)時的副總統(tǒng)是薩達(dá)姆·侯賽因，得到了中情局的支持，你猜怎么著？他開始將石油工業(yè)國有化，其中很多是英國擁有的。于是，尼克松總統(tǒng)和亨利·基辛格開始策劃武裝庫爾德人以削弱伊拉克政府。薩達(dá)姆和伊朗國王禮薩·巴列維悄悄地達(dá)成了一個互惠的協(xié)議，繞開了美國人——對庫爾德人的所有援助都被切斷了。這不是最后一次，正如我們最近所看到的。

Meanwhile in a different hemisphere in 1960 President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the CIA to train and arm a force of Cuban exiles for an armed attack on Cuba. Kennedy inherited the programme and failed to stop it. The following year in October 1962 the world came perilously close to nuclear war when the Soviet unx secretly began establishing offensive nuclear ICBM’s in Cuba. Russia was completely in the wrong and America’s resolve and Kennedy’s great courage and diplomacy saw the Soviets back down. It was a terrifying period when UK households were advised to hide in basements or Tube stations if we heard the 10 minute ( hah! ) warning siren. But there is a but. What is little remembered is that the US had been doing the same thing ( installing offensive ICBM’s ) in Turkey and Italy, aimed at Russia. Although this was not mentioned in the negotiated agreement to withdraw the Russian missiles, which included a US public declaration not to invade Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed that it would dismantle all Jupiter MRBMs deployed in Turkey & Italy against the Soviet unx.

與此同時，在1960年的另一個半球，艾森豪威爾總統(tǒng)下令中央情報局訓(xùn)練和武裝一群古巴流亡者，對古巴進(jìn)行武裝攻擊?？夏岬辖邮至诉@個計劃，但未能阻止它。1962年10月，當(dāng)蘇聯(lián)秘密開始在古巴部署進(jìn)攻性核洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈時，世界險些爆發(fā)核戰(zhàn)爭。蘇聯(lián)完全錯了，美國的決心、肯尼迪的勇氣和外交手段讓蘇聯(lián)讓步了。這是一段可怕的時期，當(dāng)時英國家庭被建議，如果我們聽到10分鐘的預(yù)警警報，就躲到地下室或地鐵站。但有一點不同。很少有人記得美國也曾在土耳其和意大利做過同樣的事情（部署進(jìn)攻性洲際彈道導(dǎo)彈），瞄準(zhǔn)俄羅斯。雖然這在撤走俄羅斯導(dǎo)彈的談判協(xié)議中沒有提及，但美國公開聲明不再入侵古巴，并秘密同意拆除所有部署在土耳其和意大利針對蘇聯(lián)的木星中程彈道導(dǎo)彈。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請注明出處

As an aside few realise that the USA offered Polaris missiles to France before it offered them to us. And how much control do we really have over our modern Trident missiles. Are they even ours?
The Falklands is often quoted as an example of the US quietly helping the UK. In fact Alexander Haig secretly briefed Galtieri after meeting Margaret Thatcher, and US Ambassador to the UN Jeane Kirkpatrick argued that it was in America’s national interest to support Galtieri and wanted Reagan to side with the Argentines because they feared that a defeat could lead to a left-wing Government there. One consequence was that the USA refused to supply us with sidewinders in sufficient numbers and another that most of the Argentine kit was made in USA - .even the Belgrano was supplied by the US. Of course we know about France’s supply of Excocets and Super Eternards to Argentina ( we sold them weapons too ), but France were very helpful to the UK during the war, loaning Britain some of their own equipment so our Armed Forces could train against them, halting all sales to the Argentians once the crisis began, and providing Britain with the codes necessary to render Exocets useless if we could get to them.

順便說一句，很少有人意識到美國先向法國提供了北極星導(dǎo)彈，然后才向我們提供。我們對現(xiàn)代三叉戟導(dǎo)彈的控制程度到底有多大？它們真的屬于我們嗎？
?？颂m群島戰(zhàn)爭常被引用為美國暗中幫助英國的一個例子。實際上，在與瑪格麗特·撒切爾會面之后，亞歷山大·黑格私下向阿根廷總統(tǒng)萊奧波爾多·加爾鐵里提供了情報。同時，美國駐聯(lián)合國大使珍妮·柯克帕特里克主張，支持加爾鐵里符合美國的國家利益，她勸說羅納德·里根總統(tǒng)站在阿根廷這邊，因為他們害怕如果阿根廷政府戰(zhàn)敗，可能會導(dǎo)致那里出現(xiàn)一個左翼政權(quán)。一個后果是美國拒絕向我們提供足夠數(shù)量的“響尾蛇”導(dǎo)彈，另一個后果是阿根廷的大部分裝備都是美國制造的——甚至“貝爾格拉諾將軍號”(ARA General Belgrano)巡洋艦也是由美國供應(yīng)的。當(dāng)然，我們知道法國向阿根廷提供了飛魚導(dǎo)彈和“超軍旗”戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)（我們也向他們出售了武器），但在戰(zhàn)爭中，法國對英國非常有幫助，借給英國一些自己的裝備，以便我們的武裝部隊能夠進(jìn)行對抗它們的訓(xùn)練，一旦危機(jī)開始就停止了所有對阿根廷的銷售，并給我們提供了必要的代碼，使我們能夠使飛魚導(dǎo)彈失效——如果我們能夠探測到它們的話。