QA問(wèn)答：中國(guó)古代歷史文獻(xiàn)很容易被統(tǒng)治者隨意更改，那么中國(guó)人如何確認(rèn)某些信息是錯(cuò)誤的呢？例如秦始皇活埋儒家學(xué)者，朱棣不是馬皇后的兒子等。
Ancient Chinese historical documents were easily changed at the will of the rulers, so how can the Chinese confirm that some information was wrong? E.g. Qin Shi Huang buried Confucian scholars alive, Zhu Di was not Empress Ma's son, etc.
譯文簡(jiǎn)介
網(wǎng)友：中國(guó)有一門(mén)學(xué)科叫考古學(xué)。對(duì)于考古學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，最有價(jià)值的文物不是黃金、鉆石首飾或藝術(shù)品，而是竹簡(jiǎn)、絲綢書(shū)、甲骨文和帶有文字的青銅器。文獻(xiàn)資料往往受時(shí)代和記錄者認(rèn)知局限的限制，無(wú)法完整、真實(shí)地反映社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和歷史事實(shí)......
正文翻譯
Profile photo for CaiLei
CaiLei
There is a subject in China called archeology.
For archaeology, the most valuable artifacts are not gold, diamond jewelry or artwork, but bamboo slips, silk book, oracle bones, and bronzes with writing on them.
Documentary materials are often limited by the era and the cognitive limitations of the recorders, so that it is impossible to reflect the social phenomena and historical facts completely and truthfully.
But the cultural relics are different, it is in each period of time left behind the obxtive reality. It can fully confirm the authenticity of historical documents, correct the errors of documentary records, and fill the gaps in documentary records.
Bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty unearthed in December 1975 in Tomb No. 11 of Sleeping Tiger Land, Chengguan Town, Yunmeng County, xiaogan City, Hubei Province, China, recording the laws and official documents of the time, have been collated and included in the book "Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts".
中國(guó)有一門(mén)學(xué)科叫考古學(xué)。
對(duì)于考古學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，最有價(jià)值的文物不是黃金、鉆石首飾或藝術(shù)品，而是竹簡(jiǎn)、絲綢書(shū)、甲骨文和帶有文字的青銅器。
文獻(xiàn)資料往往受時(shí)代和記錄者認(rèn)知局限的限制，無(wú)法完整、真實(shí)地反映社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和歷史事實(shí)。
但文物不同，它是在每個(gè)時(shí)期留下的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。它可以充分確認(rèn)歷史文獻(xiàn)的真實(shí)性，糾正文獻(xiàn)記錄的錯(cuò)誤，填補(bǔ)文獻(xiàn)記錄的空白。
1975年12月出土于湖北省孝感市云夢(mèng)縣城關(guān)鎮(zhèn)睡虎鄉(xiāng)11號(hào)墓的秦代竹簡(jiǎn)，記錄了當(dāng)時(shí)的法律和官文，經(jīng)整理并收錄在《睡虎地秦簡(jiǎn)》一書(shū)中。
CaiLei
There is a subject in China called archeology.
For archaeology, the most valuable artifacts are not gold, diamond jewelry or artwork, but bamboo slips, silk book, oracle bones, and bronzes with writing on them.
Documentary materials are often limited by the era and the cognitive limitations of the recorders, so that it is impossible to reflect the social phenomena and historical facts completely and truthfully.
But the cultural relics are different, it is in each period of time left behind the obxtive reality. It can fully confirm the authenticity of historical documents, correct the errors of documentary records, and fill the gaps in documentary records.
Bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty unearthed in December 1975 in Tomb No. 11 of Sleeping Tiger Land, Chengguan Town, Yunmeng County, xiaogan City, Hubei Province, China, recording the laws and official documents of the time, have been collated and included in the book "Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts".
中國(guó)有一門(mén)學(xué)科叫考古學(xué)。
對(duì)于考古學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)，最有價(jià)值的文物不是黃金、鉆石首飾或藝術(shù)品，而是竹簡(jiǎn)、絲綢書(shū)、甲骨文和帶有文字的青銅器。
文獻(xiàn)資料往往受時(shí)代和記錄者認(rèn)知局限的限制，無(wú)法完整、真實(shí)地反映社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和歷史事實(shí)。
但文物不同，它是在每個(gè)時(shí)期留下的客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。它可以充分確認(rèn)歷史文獻(xiàn)的真實(shí)性，糾正文獻(xiàn)記錄的錯(cuò)誤，填補(bǔ)文獻(xiàn)記錄的空白。
1975年12月出土于湖北省孝感市云夢(mèng)縣城關(guān)鎮(zhèn)睡虎鄉(xiāng)11號(hào)墓的秦代竹簡(jiǎn)，記錄了當(dāng)時(shí)的法律和官文，經(jīng)整理并收錄在《睡虎地秦簡(jiǎn)》一書(shū)中。
This batch of bamboo slips is a precious historical material for the study of politics, economy, culture, law and military in the period from the late Warring States period to the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, and it is also the basis for the proofreading of ancient books.
According to the evidence, the owner of the tomb was "xi", who had served as a magistrate of the county during his lifetime and participated in "prison management", and these bamboo slips may be the transcxtions of the laws and legal documents of the Qin Dynasty made by the owner of the tomb according to the needs of his work during his lifetime.
“Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” counted 1,155, 80 pieces of debris, is now categorized and organized into ten parts, including: "18 kinds of Qin law", "the effect of the law", "the Qin law of miscellaneous copy", "the law of the Q&A", "sealing diagnostic formula", "chronicle", "language book", "for the way of the official", "day book" A and "day book" B. The "language book", "effect" and "day book" A and "day book" B. Among them, the Book of Words, the Effective Laws, the Seal Diagnostic Forms, and the Book of Days are the titles of the original books, while the others are organized and formulated by the later generations. The bamboo slips are 23.1 to 27.8 centimeters long and 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters wide, and the inner texts are written in ink with Qin clerical scxt, written in the late Warring States period and the period of Qin Shi Huang.
這批竹簡(jiǎn)是戰(zhàn)國(guó)末至秦始皇時(shí)期研究政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、法律、軍事的珍貴史料，也是古籍校對(duì)的依據(jù)。
據(jù)證證，墓主是“喜”，生前曾擔(dān)任縣長(zhǎng)，參與“監(jiān)獄管理”，這些竹簡(jiǎn)可能是墓主生前根據(jù)工作需要制作的秦朝法律和法律文書(shū)的抄錄。
睡虎地秦墓竹簡(jiǎn)共1155枚，殘片80枚，分類整理為十部分內(nèi)容，包括：《秦律十八種》《效律》《秦律雜抄》《法律答問(wèn)》《封診式》《編年記》《語(yǔ)書(shū)》《為吏之道》、甲種與乙種《日書(shū)》。其中《語(yǔ)書(shū)》《效律》《封診式》《日書(shū)》為原書(shū)標(biāo)題，其他均為后人整理擬定。
According to the evidence, the owner of the tomb was "xi", who had served as a magistrate of the county during his lifetime and participated in "prison management", and these bamboo slips may be the transcxtions of the laws and legal documents of the Qin Dynasty made by the owner of the tomb according to the needs of his work during his lifetime.
“Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” counted 1,155, 80 pieces of debris, is now categorized and organized into ten parts, including: "18 kinds of Qin law", "the effect of the law", "the Qin law of miscellaneous copy", "the law of the Q&A", "sealing diagnostic formula", "chronicle", "language book", "for the way of the official", "day book" A and "day book" B. The "language book", "effect" and "day book" A and "day book" B. Among them, the Book of Words, the Effective Laws, the Seal Diagnostic Forms, and the Book of Days are the titles of the original books, while the others are organized and formulated by the later generations. The bamboo slips are 23.1 to 27.8 centimeters long and 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters wide, and the inner texts are written in ink with Qin clerical scxt, written in the late Warring States period and the period of Qin Shi Huang.
這批竹簡(jiǎn)是戰(zhàn)國(guó)末至秦始皇時(shí)期研究政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、法律、軍事的珍貴史料，也是古籍校對(duì)的依據(jù)。
據(jù)證證，墓主是“喜”，生前曾擔(dān)任縣長(zhǎng)，參與“監(jiān)獄管理”，這些竹簡(jiǎn)可能是墓主生前根據(jù)工作需要制作的秦朝法律和法律文書(shū)的抄錄。
睡虎地秦墓竹簡(jiǎn)共1155枚，殘片80枚，分類整理為十部分內(nèi)容，包括：《秦律十八種》《效律》《秦律雜抄》《法律答問(wèn)》《封診式》《編年記》《語(yǔ)書(shū)》《為吏之道》、甲種與乙種《日書(shū)》。其中《語(yǔ)書(shū)》《效律》《封診式》《日書(shū)》為原書(shū)標(biāo)題，其他均為后人整理擬定。
However, through the excavation of Qin slips, we see that the Qin Empire's corvée was paid, the court took care of the food, and the government could distribute clothes. Each household was not allowed to draft two people to serve at the same time, and the workload in winter was reduced by one-third. In short, it was very humane, and Qin Shi Huang was not the tyrant depicted in the literature and novels.
As for the fact that Emperor Qin Shi Huang did not bury the Confucian scholars alive, there are actually controversies in Chinese history.
For example, does the term "Confucian" refer to "Confucian students" or "sorcerers"? This point needs to be verified by more historical data.
But in any case, the “Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” is a very, very, very important historical material for the modern study of the late Warring States period to the early Qin Dynasty.
然而，通過(guò)秦簡(jiǎn)的挖掘，我們看到秦帝國(guó)的徭役是有償?shù)模⒇?fù)責(zé)食物的，政府可以分發(fā)衣服。每戶不允許征召兩個(gè)人同時(shí)服役，冬季的工作量減少了三分之一?？傊?，非常人性化，秦始皇也不是文學(xué)小說(shuō)中描繪的暴君。
至于秦始皇沒(méi)有活埋儒家學(xué)者，中國(guó)歷史上其實(shí)是有爭(zhēng)議的。
例如，“儒家”一詞是指“儒家學(xué)生”還是“巫師”？這一點(diǎn)需要用更多的歷史數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)驗(yàn)證。
但不管怎么說(shuō)，《睡虎地秦簡(jiǎn)》對(duì)于戰(zhàn)國(guó)后期到秦初初的現(xiàn)代研究，都是非常、非常、非常重要的史料。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
As for the fact that Emperor Qin Shi Huang did not bury the Confucian scholars alive, there are actually controversies in Chinese history.
For example, does the term "Confucian" refer to "Confucian students" or "sorcerers"? This point needs to be verified by more historical data.
But in any case, the “Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” is a very, very, very important historical material for the modern study of the late Warring States period to the early Qin Dynasty.
然而，通過(guò)秦簡(jiǎn)的挖掘，我們看到秦帝國(guó)的徭役是有償?shù)模⒇?fù)責(zé)食物的，政府可以分發(fā)衣服。每戶不允許征召兩個(gè)人同時(shí)服役，冬季的工作量減少了三分之一?？傊?，非常人性化，秦始皇也不是文學(xué)小說(shuō)中描繪的暴君。
至于秦始皇沒(méi)有活埋儒家學(xué)者，中國(guó)歷史上其實(shí)是有爭(zhēng)議的。
例如，“儒家”一詞是指“儒家學(xué)生”還是“巫師”？這一點(diǎn)需要用更多的歷史數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)驗(yàn)證。
但不管怎么說(shuō)，《睡虎地秦簡(jiǎn)》對(duì)于戰(zhàn)國(guó)后期到秦初初的現(xiàn)代研究，都是非常、非常、非常重要的史料。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
The Thirteen Ming-Tombs in Beijing were not stolen, nor were the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma in Nanjing.
Using modern technology, wouldn't the results be known by comparing the genes of Zhu Di and Empress Ma?
China still has a lot of underground cultural relics have not been excavated, the current level of technology can not do 100% of non-destructive excavation, all, China will not do any work on these cultural relics, so that they continue to sleep in the ground is the best protection.
北京的十三明陵沒(méi)有被盜，南京的朱元璋和皇后馬的陵墓也沒(méi)有被盜。
使用現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，通過(guò)比較朱棣和馬皇后的基因，難道不會(huì)知道結(jié)果嗎？
中國(guó)還有很多地下文物沒(méi)有被挖掘出來(lái)，以目前的技術(shù)水平還不能做到100%的無(wú)損挖掘，中國(guó)不會(huì)對(duì)這些文物做任何工作，讓它們繼續(xù)沉睡在地下是最好的保護(hù)。
Using modern technology, wouldn't the results be known by comparing the genes of Zhu Di and Empress Ma?
China still has a lot of underground cultural relics have not been excavated, the current level of technology can not do 100% of non-destructive excavation, all, China will not do any work on these cultural relics, so that they continue to sleep in the ground is the best protection.
北京的十三明陵沒(méi)有被盜，南京的朱元璋和皇后馬的陵墓也沒(méi)有被盜。
使用現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，通過(guò)比較朱棣和馬皇后的基因，難道不會(huì)知道結(jié)果嗎？
中國(guó)還有很多地下文物沒(méi)有被挖掘出來(lái)，以目前的技術(shù)水平還不能做到100%的無(wú)損挖掘，中國(guó)不會(huì)對(duì)這些文物做任何工作，讓它們繼續(xù)沉睡在地下是最好的保護(hù)。
評(píng)論翻譯
很贊 ( 69 )
收藏
I wonder why Qin Shi Huang’s tomb hasn’t been opened. I think not because they’re afraid to damage artifacts in the tomb but they fear that the deadly weapons described by Sima Qian would kill excavators.
我想知道為什么秦始皇陵墓還沒(méi)有被打開(kāi)。我認(rèn)為不是因?yàn)樗麄兒ε聯(lián)p壞墓中的文物，而是他們擔(dān)心司馬遷描述的致命武器會(huì)殺死挖掘者。
Of course it's because they are afraid of destroying cultural relics. It’s 21st century now, there are robots if they are afraid of the deadly weapon.
當(dāng)然是因?yàn)樗麄兒ε缕茐奈奈铩，F(xiàn)在是21世紀(jì)了，如果他們害怕致命武器，可以用機(jī)器人。
Yeah only in an Indians Jones movie where the tombs can kill. Modern day scientists have all kinds of tools available to even measure the air, the soil. They can find even a hint of poison gas. They have technology that can see through several meters into the rocks. No “hidden boobie traps” can get them.
是啊，只有在印第安納·瓊斯的電影里墓穴才會(huì)殺人?，F(xiàn)代科學(xué)家有各種工具，甚至可以測(cè)量空氣、土壤。他們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)哪怕是一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)毒氣。他們有能透視幾米巖石的技術(shù)。沒(méi)有什么“隱藏的陷阱”能困住他們。
What is that worm in the first image?
第一張圖片中的那個(gè)蟲(chóng)子是什么？
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
I thought the first picture was a wireworm, but it turned out to be a curled bamboo slip. It's amazing.
第一張圖我還以為是鐵線蟲(chóng)，結(jié)果是一根卷曲的竹簡(jiǎn)，太神奇了
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
“There is a subject in China called archeology.”
I love the calm way you reply to what is clearly an ignorant and bigoted question.
Westerners and their minions perpetually have an exceptionalist mentality, and this extends to very basic things.
When I was in college I once overheard a Filipino-American talking to an Arab (foreign) student. The Filipino-American was surprised that Arab countries have jets.
The Arab student was shocked. “So how did you think I came to America to study? I rode my camel over the Atlantic?”
“No. By ship.”
“在中國(guó)有一門(mén)學(xué)科叫做考古學(xué)?！?br /> 我喜歡你對(duì)明顯無(wú)知和偏見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題所作的平靜回答。
西方人及其爪牙長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)一直有一種例外主義心態(tài)，這種心態(tài)延伸到非?；镜氖挛锷稀?br /> 當(dāng)我在大學(xué)時(shí)，我曾聽(tīng)到一個(gè)菲律賓裔美國(guó)人與一個(gè)阿拉伯（外國(guó)）學(xué)生交談。那個(gè)菲律賓裔美國(guó)人驚訝于阿拉伯國(guó)家有噴氣機(jī)。
那個(gè)阿拉伯學(xué)生震驚了?！澳敲茨阏J(rèn)為我怎么來(lái)到美國(guó)學(xué)習(xí)的？我騎著駱駝橫跨大西洋？”
“不，是坐船來(lái)的?！?/b>
Yes. The Chinese and Western systems are different.
The Chinese believe that history is very serious and needs to be taken seriously.
In China, archeology is generally conducted by serious academic institutions such as the National Research Institute.
Some aspects of Western archeology are dominated by antique dealers. They hope to sell them at auction for a good price after packaging, so the "cultural relics" they unearth are very new and not as old as Chinese cultural relics. Once academics are mixed with business, they go bad.
是的。中西方的系統(tǒng)不同。
中國(guó)人認(rèn)為歷史是非常嚴(yán)肅的，需要認(rèn)真對(duì)待。
在中國(guó)，考古學(xué)通常由國(guó)家研究所等嚴(yán)肅的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行。
西方考古學(xué)的某些方面則由古董商主導(dǎo)。他們希望在包裝后能在拍賣會(huì)上以高價(jià)賣出，所以他們挖掘出的“文物”非常新，遠(yuǎn)沒(méi)有中國(guó)的文物那么古老。一旦學(xué)術(shù)與商業(yè)混合在一起，就會(huì)變質(zhì)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
You said, “Some aspects of Western archeology are dominated by antique dealers.”
Well, tomb robbing is pretty common in China, from ancient times to even nowadays. These Chinese robbers would raid ancient tombs and steal artifacts to sell in the market. Most are not antique dealers but your everyday Joe.
For example, in 2020, a man was caught in Shaanxi robbing tombs. By day he sold pancakes but by night, he would become the leader of a professional gang of grave robbers. Over five years the looting earned them US$1.8 million. He was finally caught and sentenced to 15 years in prison. And it was the second time that he went to jail over robbing graves.
These Chinese, in the name of “to get rich is glorious”, decided that robbing ancient tombs is the fastest way to get rich, and it is pretty rampant in China.
In 2020, the Chinese authorities reported that they had arrested 2,400 such thieves and retrieved over 31,000 lost or stolen items, almost three times the number reclaimed during the previous year. In 2016, Yao Yuzhong, the person behind China’s largest grave robbery case since 1949, was sentenced to death in a court in northeast China’s Liaoning province.
你說(shuō)：“西方考古學(xué)的一些方面被古董商控制?！?br /> 其實(shí)，盜墓在中國(guó)從古至今都很普遍。這些中國(guó)盜墓賊會(huì)掠奪古墓并偷走文物在市場(chǎng)上出售。大多數(shù)不是古董商，而是普通人。
例如，2020年，陜西一男子因盜墓被抓。白天他賣煎餅，晚上則成為專業(yè)盜墓團(tuán)伙的頭目。五年間，他們通過(guò)盜墓賺了180萬(wàn)美元。他最終被捕并被判處15年監(jiān)禁。這是他第二次因盜墓入獄。
這些中國(guó)人以“致富光榮”的名義，認(rèn)為盜墓是最快的致富途徑，這在中國(guó)相當(dāng)猖獗。
2020年，中國(guó)報(bào)告稱，他們逮捕了2400名盜墓賊，追回了31000多件失物或被盜物品，幾乎是前一年的三倍。2016年，自1949年以來(lái)中國(guó)最大的盜墓案件的幕后主使姚玉中在中國(guó)東北遼寧省的一家法院被判處死刑。
Compared to the West, it appears that robbing graves is more common in China these days. An important reason is that there are no tombs like this in the West that can be robbed. Tomb robbing is also rampant in Egypt. Do you know why
Chinese grave robbers didn't fake artifact, They are also not involved in academic
A 1600-year-old British "artifact" is surprisingly inscribed with Simplified Chinese characters: Jim was in here.
(Simplified Chinese characters only began to be used in mainland China in the 1960s)
You know what? It's counterfeiting, and the purpose of counterfeiting is to get a good price at auction.
與西方相比，如今在中國(guó)盜墓似乎更為常見(jiàn)。
一個(gè)重要的原因，西方根本沒(méi)有這樣的墓葬可以盜掘
埃及的盜墓也很猖獗，你知道為什么,中國(guó)盜墓賊不偽造文物，他們也不參與學(xué)術(shù)研究。
一件1600年前的英國(guó)“文物”上竟然刻有簡(jiǎn)體漢字：“吉姆在這里?！?br /> (簡(jiǎn)體漢字在中國(guó)大陸是在20世紀(jì)60年代才開(kāi)始使用的。)
你知道嗎？這是偽造，偽造的目的是在拍賣會(huì)上獲得好價(jià)錢(qián)。
So, the counterfeiting was done by a Chinese?
所以，這個(gè)偽造是中國(guó)人做的嗎？
What Chinese person do you see writing Chinese characters that are so crooked?
Of course you can't write Chinese characters well, because you're not Chinese.
吉姆在這里 British "artifacts" from 1600 years ago — botched forgery.
你見(jiàn)過(guò)哪個(gè)中國(guó)人寫(xiě)的漢字這么歪歪扭扭？
當(dāng)然他寫(xiě)不好漢字，因?yàn)樗皇侵袊?guó)人。
吉姆在這里，1600年前的英國(guó)“文物”——拙劣的偽造品。
Few years ago, a Chinese boy was caught vandalizing an engraving inside the Luxor Temple in Egypt. It read: "Ding Jinhao was here.”
The written Chinese characters were also pretty crooked.
幾年前，一個(gè)中國(guó)男孩被抓到在埃及盧克索神廟內(nèi)涂鴉。上面寫(xiě)著：“丁錦昊到此一游。”
寫(xiě)的漢字也很歪歪扭扭。
You do realize bad people are everywhere right? Not exclusive to China.
你知道壞人到處都有，對(duì)吧？不僅僅在中國(guó)。
原創(chuàng)翻譯：龍騰網(wǎng) http://www.flyercoupe.com 轉(zhuǎn)載請(qǐng)注明出處
But robbing tombs seem to be more prent in China than the West.
但盜墓在中國(guó)似乎比在西方更為普遍。
Maybe because there aren’t any tomb in the US?
也許是因?yàn)槊绹?guó)沒(méi)有什么古墓？
You are working from a fallacious premise: the official historical records, especially before the Tang, were not that easily changed at will.
I don’t lie much, because telling the truth is simpler. You don’t have to keep all your stories straight. It’s the same with history.
Careful examination of sources shows that some information is wrong. Within the same book, say one of the 24 official histories, you can find contradictions, apply logic, and figure out the most likely event.
你是從一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的前提出發(fā)的：官方的歷史記錄，尤其是在唐朝之前，不是那么容易隨意改變的。
我不怎么撒謊，因?yàn)檎f(shuō)實(shí)話更簡(jiǎn)單。你不必把所有的故事都說(shuō)清楚。歷史也是如此。
對(duì)來(lái)源的仔細(xì)檢查表明，某些信息是錯(cuò)誤的。在同一本書(shū)中，比如說(shuō)24部官方歷史中的一本，你可以找到矛盾，運(yùn)用邏輯，可以出最有可能的真實(shí)事件。
Also, for example, the misunderstanding about 趙高 Chao Kao/Zhao Gao, the Emperor’s chariot driver and a huan: in later dynasties, the term referred to a eunuch, so people thought Zhao must have been a eunuch, a slithery, sneaky man. But when the terracotta army was unearthed, something was out of place: chariot drivers were all tall, viral men, at least 190cm, and had to be strong enough to control six horses! Then the records of Qin laws showed that 宦 meant something else to the Qin: it referred to an official who had a relative who had committed a serious crime.
一個(gè)例子是呂不韋是秦始皇的父親的故事。首先，這部書(shū)直到漢朝才出現(xiàn)，所以它不可能在幾個(gè)世紀(jì)前就提出了警告。事情就是不匹配。呂真的有那么傻嗎？近幾十年來(lái)，考古學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了大量關(guān)于秦法的記載，所以我們知道，女士們進(jìn)宮時(shí)都經(jīng)過(guò)了一絲不茍的檢查，所以孕婦不可能溜進(jìn)去。
此外，例如，對(duì)趙高、皇帝的車夫宦的誤解：在后來(lái)的朝代，宦這個(gè)詞指的是太監(jiān)，所以人們認(rèn)為趙也一定是太監(jiān)，一個(gè)狡猾、鬼鬼祟祟的人。但當(dāng)兵馬俑出土?xí)r，卻有些不對(duì)勁：車夫都是身材高大、風(fēng)氣大雅的男人，至少有190cm，而且必須強(qiáng)壯到足以控制六匹馬！然后秦法的記載表明，宦對(duì)秦國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)還有別的意思：它指的是一個(gè)有親戚犯了嚴(yán)重罪行的官員。
The examples I just mentioned are from earlier times. In later times, there are also a bunch of secondary sources, notes, memoirs, and so forth.
Of course this requires careful work, and there is still a lot left to keep scholars busy for generations, but overall, as they say, the truth will out.
秦始皇確實(shí)埋了些人，但李開(kāi)元已經(jīng)很好地拆解了他埋葬儒生的故事。當(dāng)你仔細(xì)檢查這些東西時(shí)，它們就會(huì)站不住腳。
我剛才提到的例子來(lái)自更早的時(shí)代。在后來(lái)的時(shí)代，還有一堆二手資料、筆記、回憶錄等等。
當(dāng)然，這需要仔細(xì)的工作，還有很多事情要讓學(xué)者們忙上幾代人，但總的來(lái)說(shuō)，正如他們所說(shuō)，真相會(huì)大白于天下。
Much food for thought. Yes, words and customs change over time. Historians and readers of history books must be on guard against anachronistic interpretations.
An amusing example of an anachronism was a palace drama I saw decades ago that showed 秦始皇 Chyn Shyyhwang, the first emperor, sitting on a chair hundreds of years before they appeared in China. Linguistic anachronism can be even more difficult to spot.
很多值得深思的東西。是的，文字和習(xí)俗會(huì)隨著時(shí)間而變化。歷史學(xué)家和歷史書(shū)籍的讀者必須警惕不合時(shí)宜的解釋。
一個(gè)不合時(shí)宜的有趣例子是幾十年前我看到的一部宮廷劇，該劇展示了第一位皇帝秦始皇坐在椅子上，那把椅子比他們出現(xiàn)在中國(guó)早了幾百年。而語(yǔ)言上的不合時(shí)宜可能更難發(fā)現(xiàn)。
What an interesting point! It never dawned upon me that the throne may not actually be accurate til after the Han dynasty!
多么有趣的觀點(diǎn)！我從來(lái)沒(méi)想過(guò)，直到漢朝之后，王座才算準(zhǔn)確出現(xiàn)！
Chairs became widespread in the Song Dynasty (1000+ years after the first emperor took power), but they do appear sporadically in Tang paintings. Earlier emperors apparently sat on an elevated platform, a dais.
椅子在宋代（第一位皇帝掌權(quán)后1000+年）才開(kāi)始流行，但它們確實(shí)偶爾出現(xiàn)在唐代繪畫(huà)中。早期的皇帝顯然坐在一個(gè)高臺(tái)上
“Ancient Chinese historical documents were easily changed at the will of the rulers”
The above statement is easier said than done. Firstly, the history of an emperor was written by court officers after his death and not before. So, it’s quite impossible for the emperor to change anything when he was no longer around. Secondly, there’s not only one historical record and history was written not by a single court officer, but by court historian as well as scholars who did not take order from the emperor. Thirdly, even if a subsequent emperor wanted to change what history recorded about his father (the previous emperor), he wouldn’t have the time to go through every records as he would be busy with his work and the women in the imperial harem. Fourthly, after the Qin/Han era, there’s proper protocol and system to follow for official recording of history which the emperor has no right to interfere.
“中國(guó)古代歷史文獻(xiàn)很容易按照統(tǒng)治者的意愿進(jìn)行更改”
上述說(shuō)法說(shuō)起來(lái)容易做起來(lái)難。首先，皇帝的歷史是在他死后而不是之前由宮廷官員寫(xiě)的。所以，皇帝不在的時(shí)候，是不可能改變?nèi)魏问虑榈?。其次，歷史記錄不僅只有一個(gè)，而且歷史不是由一個(gè)宮廷官員寫(xiě)的，而是由宮廷歷史學(xué)家和不聽(tīng)從皇帝命令的學(xué)者寫(xiě)的。第三，即使后來(lái)的皇帝想改變歷史對(duì)他父親（前任皇帝）的記載，他也沒(méi)有時(shí)間仔細(xì)閱讀每一份記錄，因?yàn)樗麜?huì)忙于他的工作和皇室后宮的女人。第四，在秦漢時(shí)代之后，有適當(dāng)?shù)亩Y儀和制度可以遵循官方記錄歷史，皇帝無(wú)權(quán)干涉。
Historians do not rely on a single source. Things have to add up. As crime drama tells you, there is no perfect crime.
歷史學(xué)家不依賴單一來(lái)源。事情必須加起來(lái)。正如犯罪劇告訴你的那樣，沒(méi)有完美的犯罪。
I can answer this with a single idiom that is often used in historical discussions.
A single source is not valid evidence.
It is possible that a historical source had been tampered with. However, more often it could easily be written with some form of bias, called Spring and Autumn writing technique in Chinese, and it was present in all forms of history books since…the Spring and Autumn period. The author used subtle praise and criticism to reflect on his personal opinions towards certain matters.
我可以用一個(gè)在歷史討論中經(jīng)常使用的成語(yǔ)來(lái)回答這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
孤證不立.
歷史資料可能被篡改了。然而，更多時(shí)候，它很容易被寫(xiě)成某種形式的偏見(jiàn)，在中文中稱為春秋筆法，從那時(shí)起，它就出現(xiàn)在各種形式的歷史書(shū)中......春秋時(shí)期。作者用微妙的贊美和批評(píng)來(lái)反思他對(duì)某些事情的個(gè)人看法。
I learned another point of view from another author aya on the Chinese topic, which I think is very reasonable. "Cross-reference" Because there are so many ancient Chinese documents, those ancient scholars often refer to other documents they saw at the time when compiling their own documents. So they will quote the contents of other documents in their own books. This kind of reference forms a complex cross-relationship. If you modify the content of a book, you must modify dozens of books related to it. This was basically impossible to do in ancient times. This has formed a blockchain effect in Chinese historical documents, which is difficult to tamper with.
我在另一個(gè)中國(guó)主題的作者Aya那里了解到了一另一種觀點(diǎn)，我認(rèn)為非常有道理
”交叉引用“
由于中國(guó)古代文獻(xiàn)實(shí)在太多，那些古代學(xué)者在編寫(xiě)自己的文獻(xiàn)時(shí)，往往會(huì)參考他當(dāng)時(shí)看到的其他文獻(xiàn)。所以他們會(huì)在自己的書(shū)中引用其他文獻(xiàn)的內(nèi)容
這種引用形成了復(fù)雜的交叉關(guān)系。 如果你修改一本書(shū)的內(nèi)容，你必須修改與之關(guān)聯(lián)的數(shù)十種書(shū)。這在古代基本是不可能做到的。
這讓中國(guó)歷史文獻(xiàn)形成了一種區(qū)塊鏈效應(yīng)，難以篡改